Attaching Energy Origin to the Transport Service Unit: A Supervisory Reference Architecture for Refuelling Infrastructure Data

Regulation (EU) 2023/1804 obliges operators of publicly accessible recharging and refuelling points to publish static and dynamic data through national access points under the intelligent transport systems framework, and the recast Renewable Energy Directive conditions the value of renewable fuels on chain-of-custody evidence. Neither attaches the origin of the energy delivered at a refuelling element to the transport service unit produced. This paper examines that gap through paragraph-level doctrinal analysis of the Union and Romanian corpus with citation-context corroboration and proposes SCADA Transport, a supervisory reference architecture specified as a design-science artefact and evaluated descriptively. It combines sensor layers at the refuelling element and on-board; a reconciliation method attributing energy origin under a stated uncertainty budget; screening consumption against distance, load, route, ambient conditions and inspected vehicle condition; a threat model drawn from the cybersecurity corpus; and an accounting mark interoperable with mass balance accounting, the Union Database and origin registries. The analysis establishes that the gap is one of interface design rather than missing measurement; that it closes within the existing normative perimeter; and that it meets five resilience criteria, four literature-derived, one the authors’ own. Empirical performance is not established and requires the pilot to be identified as future work.