At the Intersection of Psychiatry and Cardiology: Assessment of Depressive, Anxiety and Cognitive Disorders in Patients Before and After the Implantation of Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices

Background and Objectives: Cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs), including permanent pacemakers, implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs), and cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) devices, are increasingly used in an aging population characterized by multimorbidity and a high prevalence of psychiatric and cognitive disorders. Depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), mild cognitive impairment, and dementia may affect informed consent, adherence to therapy, quality of life, and long-term cardiovascular outcomes in patients undergoing CIED implantation. The aim of this review was to summarize the prevalence and clinical significance of psychiatric and cognitive disorders in patients undergoing CIED implantation and to discuss practical strategies for their assessment in routine cardiology practice. Materials and Methods: This narrative review was based on a literature search of PubMed, Web of Science, and the National Health Library database covering the literature from 2010 to 2025, including a broad search strategy. Original studies and review articles were included, having confirmed their definite association with the subject. Results: Psychiatric disorders and cognitive impairment were highly prevalent among patients with CIEDs and were associated with impaired adherence, reduced participation in rehabilitation, lower quality of life, and worse cardiovascular outcomes. ICD therapies, particularly inappropriate therapies, were strongly associated with anxiety, depressive symptoms, and PTSD-related distress. Cognitive impairment may compromise informed consent, recognition of complications, and compliance with post-implantation recommendations. Several validated screening tools, including MMSE, MoCA, HADS, BDI-II, STAI, and FSAS, may facilitate early identification of high-risk patients, and their most appropriate use in various clinical scenarios, including pre- and post-CIED implantation was described. Conclusions: Psychiatric disorders and cognitive impairment are common and clinically relevant in patients undergoing CIED implantation. Routine psychological and cognitive assessment before and after implantation should be considered an important component of modern multidisciplinary cardiac care, potentially affecting the decision to implant the device, and likely influencing the type of the implanted device.