Assessment of chemical risks on the health of coppersmiths and on the environment: Case of Bardo in Constantine (Algeria)

Certain traditional industries and crafts are major sources of environmental pollution and health risks. Copperware craft is one of those activities that exposes artisans to numerous health risks, including chemical hazards. The current study aims to identify the risks associated with the workshops of the Bardo site in Constantine, Algeria, and to analyze the concentration of heavy metals in samples of water used for the treatment of copper in order to evaluate their environmental impact. The methodology included interviews with 15 coppersmiths, as well as a chemical analysis of three water samples from the workshops. The analysis measured the pH level, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC), and turbidity. It also measured the concentration of heavy metals, such as copper, arsenic, zinc, lead, cadmium, and total chromium. The results revealed that 73% of artisans suffer from respiratory problems and allergies due to inadequate use of protective equipment. Analysis of the samples showed significant acidity ranging from 0.2 to 1.5, high COD values reaching 6,176 mg/L, and significant excesses from environmental standards for arsenic (0.1031 mg/L), cadmium (0.0075 mg/L), and total chromium (0.007 mg/L). As these polluted waters are discharged directly into the environment, they pose a danger to Oued Rhumel, located downstream from the workshops, where high concentrations of heavy metals such as copper (3125 mg/kg), zinc (1570 mg/kg), and cadmium (199.5 mg/kg) have been detected in the sediments. This craft presents a dual threat to both human health and the environment. Therefore, the study recommends strengthening safety measures, treating water before discharge, and opting for less hazardous alternatives.