Assessment of Ankle Proprioception, Balance, and Kinesthesia for Ankle Sprain: A Narrative Literature Review

This narrative review synthesizes recent literature from January 2020 to May 2025, focusing on tools used to evaluate these parameters in individuals with ankle sprain. The Scale for the Assessment of Narrative Review Articles (SANRA) was used for critical appraisal, and 15 studies met the inclusion criteria with SANRA scores of 8–11. Key assessment tools identified included digital inclinometers and Active Movement Extent Discrimination Apparatus for proprioception (ICC = 0.785–0.817), Star Excursion Balance Test and Y-Balance Test for dynamic balance (ICC = 0.67–0.96), and Modified Four Square Step Test for kinesthesia (ICC = 0.85). The Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool emerged as a reliable patient-reported measure (ICC = 0.86–0.96). Emerging technologies such as robotic systems and mobile applications showed promise for objective measurements. Overall, the Star Excursion Balance Test, digital inclinometers, and the Cumberland tool demonstrated strong reliability, validity, and clinical feasibility.