Assessing Urban V2G Energy Flexibility from Mobility Data

The integration of electric vehicles into urban energy systems offers opportunities for vehicle-to-grid (V2G) flexibility, but estimating the spatial and temporal availability of battery energy requires a detailed understanding of vehicle mobility and parking patterns. This study presents a mobility-data-driven assessment of potential V2G energy availability across three urban zones, using Floating Car Data collected over five weekdays. Building on a previously established mobility-based electrification framework, the analysis reconstructs vehicle parking intervals and estimates the battery energy potentially available during each stop, accounting for energy consumption associated with preceding and subsequent trips. An energy-availability constraint is introduced to preserve a minimum battery state of charge of 30% after subsequent travel. The resulting 15-min profiles are compared across days and zones to examine temporal variability and sensitivity to the energy-availability assumptions. In the analyzed sample, the maximum simultaneous energy availability under the original formulation ranges from approximately 6.08 to 6.45 MWh across the five days. Enforcing the final-reserve constraint reduces these daily maxima by approximately 11.8–14.0%. These estimates represent conditional energy-availability potentials rather than measured grid exports or forecasts of V2G power delivery. The findings illustrate how mobility observations can support the characterization of urban V2G energy resources while highlighting the importance of explicit battery-reserve assumptions and the limitations imposed by the absence of charging-infrastructure and connection data.