Assessing Levels of Evidence for Cancer Screening: A Focus on Testicular Self-examination

Abstract

Testicular cancer is the most common malignancy among men 15 to 45 years of age, with 5-year relative survival exceeding 95% when all stages are combined. Early detection may reduce treatment intensity, preserve fertility, and protect quality of life. Testicular self-examination (TSE) has historically been recommended as a secondary prevention strategy; however, the US Preventive Services Task Force issues a D recommendation against routine TSE, citing insufficient evidence of mortality benefit and potential harms. The National Cancer Institute Physician Data Query (PDQ) levels-of-evidence framework offers a complementary approach, grading certainty of effects while decoupling evidence assessment from prescriptive policy. This article contrasts the 2 frameworks, examines the available evidence for TSE, and considers whether elements of the PDQ approach could usefully inform guidance for low-incidence, high-survivability cancers. We argue that current evidence does not support a strong recommendation for or against routine TSE, but that mortality-only frameworks may understate outcomes that matter to patients, including treatment burden, fertility, and psychosocial function, and that more transparent communication of uncertainty would better support shared decision-making.