Artificial Intelligence in Clinical Nutrition: Current Uses, Challenges, and Opportunities

Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly being applied in healthcare, with growing relevance to clinical nutrition. This narrative review examines current and emerging uses of AI in nutrition care within the Nutrition Care Process framework, with attention to assessment, monitoring and evaluation, diagnosis, intervention, and clinical support tools. Current applications include AI-assisted dietary assessment using image recognition, wearable sensors, analysis of continuous glucose and other physiologic data for early risk detection, and support for malnutrition screening and diagnosis. AI is also being explored for identifying micronutrient deficiencies and complications of nutrient excess, as well as for screening and early intervention in eating disorders. In nutrition intervention, AI has potential to support personalized dietary planning, nutrition support in intensive care settings, behavioral interventions, and precision nutrition approaches such as digital twins. Additional applications include clinical decision support and documentation assistance. However, despite its usefulness, concerns about AI systems exist. Its performance depends on the quality of the data used to train it; it can introduce bias, and it can produce inaccurate or misleading outputs. In addition, overreliance on AI may also reduce clinician attentiveness and contribute to cognitive errors. For these reasons, AI should be regarded as a support tool rather than a replacement for human clinical care. Overall, AI offers substantial opportunities to improve the personalization, efficiency, and scalability of clinical nutrition practice, but its safe and effective implementation will require continued validation, careful oversight, and integration with clinical expertise.