Kiffer G Card, Shayna Skakoon-Sparling

Are social support, loneliness, and social connection differentially associated with happiness across levels of introversion-extraversion?

  • Psychiatry and Mental health
  • Clinical Psychology
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This study examines whether extraversion moderates the association between subjective happiness and measures of social connectedness using data from Canadian residents, aged 16+, recruited online during the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic (21 April 2021–1 June 2021). To accomplish this aim we tested the moderating effect of extraversion scores on the association between Subjective Happiness scores and several social health measures: Perceived Social Support, Loneliness, social network size, and time with friends. Among 949 participants, results show that lower social loneliness ( p < .001) and higher social support from friends ( p = .001) and from family ( p = .007) was more strongly correlated with subjective happiness for people with low extraversion compared to those with high extroversion. Anti-loneliness interventions should consider the need to promote social connections among individuals across the introversion-extraversion continuum.

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