Applying the Delphi Method in Educational Research

The Delphi method is a structured, iterative approach for obtaining expert consensus on complex issues where empirical evidence is limited. In educational research, it is particularly valuable for guiding decision-making in rapidly evolving contexts such as digital learning, artificial intelligence, and instructional technology adoption, etc. Imagine you are implementing an AI-based tutoring system across several schools and need to determine which competencies teachers must develop to use it effectively. Because such innovations outpace available empirical data, researchers often rely on expert judgment to identify priorities, define constructs, or forecast emerging needs. The Delphi method supports this process through multiple rounds of anonymous surveys, controlled feedback, and statistical or qualitative summaries that help experts refine their views. These core features reduce the influence of dominant individuals and promote thoughtful, independent reflection (Hasson et al., 2000; Linstone and Turoff, 1975). Its widespread use across health, social science, and educational technology research reflects its flexibility and effectiveness for both concept development and decision support(Fink-Hafner et al., 2019; Rowe & Wright, 1999). This chapter introduces the foundational concepts of the Delphi method and provides practical guidance to design and conduct a rigorous Delphi study within educational research contexts.