Application of graphitic carbon nitride-based composite for catalytic organic synthetic reaction

Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4) is a versatile, metal-free compound with significant potential for sustainable organic synthesis. It has unique physicochemical properties including a nitrogen-rich structure, a tunable electronic bandgap, visible-light absorption, and robust thermal stability. Several g-C3N4-based composites have been developed to enhance their surface activity, charge-separation efficiency, and catalytic selectivity, including doped, mesoporous, metal-supported, and hybrid materials. This review highlights recent advances in the use of g-3N4-based composites as heterogeneous catalysts in key organic reactions, including oxidation, reduction, C-C and C-X bond-forming reactions, hydrogenation, and multicomponent processes. Special emphasis is placed on mechanistic considerations, structure-activity relationships, and the advantages of g-C3N4 as a sustainable alternative to traditional metal-based systems. Current challenges and future research directions are discussed to advance the development of next-generation g-C3N4-derived catalytic platforms.