Analytical Assessment of CO₂-Induced Carbonation and PAH Deposition on Building Paint Surfaces Using Satellite Imagery
Nishant Kumar, T. GopikrishnanBackground:
Humans living near areas with high pollutant deposition on buildings may inhale more pollutants. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) deposition on buildings is a key factor in assessing pollutant-related Indoor Air Quality (IAQ). At the same time, CO₂ is included as a supplementary environmental indicator associated with urban emission intensity and ventilation conditions. Conventional methods rely on limited sensor data. Sensor data are inaccurate due to microclimate variations, including wind speed, humidity, and temperature. Microclimate variations reduce the concentration of pollutants below the sensor’s detection threshold due to pollutant dispersion and deposition rate.
Method:
Carbonation occurs when CO₂ in the air reacts with Ca(OH)₂ particles in the dried paint, forming solid CaCO₃ particles on the painted surface of the building. PAHs are semi‑volatile organics that sorb onto fine particles (PM₂.₅, PM₁₀) in the air and settle on the paint surface of buildings. This paper proposes the CSVM-AViT algorithm, a hybridisation of the Adam-optimised Vision Transformer (AViT) and the Cubic Support Vector Machine (CSVM) for PAHs and CO₂ dispersion and deposition rate prediction.
Results:
CSVM-AViT performs better for the prediction of dispersion rate and deposition rate of PAH and CO₂. Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX)- measured deposited pollutant values from delaminated wall paint (i.e., peeled paint layer samples) are correlated with wall surface paint pixel values for predicting dispersion and deposition rates.
Discussion:
IAQ and OAQ accuracies are about 99.1% and 98.6% with respect to ground truth verification and are more accurate than the traditional algorithms compared in this study.
Conclusion:
The proposed CSVM-AViT hybrid algorithm significantly enhances the prediction of pollutant dispersion and deposition rates and supports pollution control management.