Analysis of the Readiness of Low-Voltage Distribution Networks for Decentralized Energy: A Case Study of a Real Distribution Network Using Smart Meter Data

Decentralized energy sources are currently an integral part of low-voltage distribution networks. In line with the energy policy of the European Union, it can be expected that their penetration in these networks will continue to grow. But are distribution networks prepared for such a future? This study addresses this question using data measured over 30 days in a real low-voltage distribution network where PV systems are installed at 18% of the consumption points. In cooperation with a Polish distribution system operator, all consumption points were equipped with smart meters, which allowed the voltage magnitude, voltage unbalance, and transferred power to be evaluated at 51 measurement points simultaneously. Data analysis shows that decentralized sources significantly affect power flows and the overall active power balance, which is directly reflected in the network’s voltage profile. A surplus of active power was recorded on 29 of the 30 days and raised the voltage above the upper limit defined by the EN 50160 standard on 27 of them. The hosting capacity of the analyzed network is therefore already exceeded at the current penetration, and the network is not ready to integrate further decentralized sources in line with European Union energy targets.