An Integrated LODECI, MEREC, SPC, SIWEC-M, ALPAS and Energy3D Framework for Sustainable Natural Stone Selection in Historic Mosque Buildings Based on Thermal, Economic, Environmental, and Acoustic Performance

The selection of materials for enhancing the energy performance of historic mosque structures, which form a significant part of Türkiye’s cultural heritage, should be based on scientifically supported methodologies and should also consider their architectural nature. In this work, an innovative Energy3D–MADA approach is developed for the comparative evaluation of thermal performance and sustainable selection of heritage natural stones. The proposed framework concentrates on the thermal aspect, while environmental, economic, mechanical, and material-related acoustic indicators are used as supplementary decision indicators. The study examined eight representative heritage natural stones using a representative Ottoman composite masonry wall. For the four climatic regions of Türkiye, the energy performance was predicted, and 32 scenarios were obtained. The annual heating and cooling energy requirements, total operational energy, operational CO2 emissions, and costs of wall manufacturing were investigated through Energy3D. The results of the simulation indicated that the natural stones had a considerable impact on the performance of historic mosque buildings. Od Stone (Tuff) had the lowest heating and cooling annual energy demand, the minimum total operational energy consumption, and the fewest operational CO2 emissions among all the alternatives considered, while Red Granite had the greatest energy demand. Compared to Red Granite, Od Stone achieved reductions in annual heating energy of 31%, in total operational energy consumption of 22–25%, and in operational CO2 emissions of 22–25%, with only about a 1% increase in initial construction cost. Spearman’s rank correlation analysis (ρ) indicated the same ranking in all climate regions, which demonstrated the ranking consistency of the Energy3D-based comparative analysis. Ultimately, the Energy3D simulation outcomes were combined with the LODECI, MEREC, SPC, SIWEC-M, and ALPAS techniques to formulate a decision-support system for the comparative analysis and prioritization of heritage natural stones, to support sustainable mosque design and heritage conservation planning.