An Integrated GIS and Remote Sensing Approach for Assessing Rainfall Volume and Groundwater Recharge in Wadi AS SAHBAA, Saudi Arabia

Water security is a significant challenge for the Saudi Arabia Kingdom’s development and stability, affecting other economic sectors beyond the water sector. Insufficient water resources are causing economic and social crises; addressing this issue is crucial for the country’s growth and stability. This study aims to manage water resources in central Saudi Arabia (Wadi AS SAHBAA) through a two-level approach. The first level involves extracting rainfall amounts from satellite imagery to predict future rainfall intensity using PERSIANN-CCS-CDR data. The second level focuses on monitoring groundwater recharge using geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing techniques. The study further seeks to understand rainstorm behavior influenced by climate variability and applies geomatics techniques for quantitative analysis. The results show that the Wadi AS SAHBAA basin receives an annual precipitation of 116.6 mm/year and mean annual precipitation of 9.7 mm. The year 2019 experienced the highest recorded precipitation, reaching 222.3 mm and mean annual precipitation of 18.5 mm. Between 2013 and 2019, the AS SAHBAA region experienced increased rainfall driven by intense storm events; however, it declined during the period 2020–2022. Moreover, 2021 recorded the lowest annual precipitation of 53.8 mm with mean annual precipitation of (4.5 mm), possibly linked to reduced storm activity due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The study uses several methods to estimate groundwater recharge from rainfall and concludes that the average infiltration during 2013–2022 was varying from 1.59–36.63 mm, representing about between 1.03 and 28.5% of total rainfall. This is reflected in groundwater storage capacity, which ranges from approximately 1.65 to 38.27 million m3 yearly. This study provides a framework for monitoring precipitation and groundwater recharge and offers practical recommendations for regional development and sustainable water management.