An epidemiological profile and geospatial analysis of animal bite cases reporting to the emergency department of a tertiary care hospital in Malwa area of Punjab, India: A retrospective record-based study
Manuja, Ramnika Aggarwal, Sanjeev Kumar, Neetu Kukar, Ravinder Garg
A
BSTRACT
Background:
Animal bites are a significant public health concern globally. Understanding the epidemiological correlates of animal bites is crucial for reducing incidence rates and improving health outcomes. This study aimed to assess the epidemiological profile and geospatial trends of animal-bite cases reporting to the Emergency Medicine Department to inform prevention strategies.
Methodology:
A retrospective study was conducted on patients treated for animal bites between April 2024 and March 2025. Variables analyzed included demographics, geographical location (QGIS), animal type, monthly trends, and management.
Results:
Out of 310 cases, 91.0% were dog bites, followed by cat, monkey, rat, and horse. Eight hotspots were identified geographically. 64.5% were caused by stray animals. The median age of patients was 28 years, with peak incidence in the 15–29-year age group (39.4%) and a male-to-female ratio of 2.7:1. The lower limb was the most common site (59.0%). Category II injuries (55.5%) were most common, followed by Category III (21.9%). Regarding management, no patient performed adequate pre-hospital care. Many applied local substances like turmeric powder, chilli powder, and mustard oil. Post-exposure prophylaxis was completed by 63.3% cases, with 31.2% experiencing delays, and only 30.8% receiving anti-rabies vaccine and immunoglobulin. Delayed, incomplete vaccination was linked to suspected rabies fatalities.
Conclusion:
The findings emphasize the importance of targeted public health interventions, stronger anti-rabies vaccination program, and healthcare accessibility in mitigating the impact of animal bites.