Agile Software Development Challenges: Identification, Validation, and Prioritization Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process

Context: The Agile methodology has been prevalent in the software industry for more than two decades, marking a shift from plan-driven to market-driven approaches and introducing various challenges. While the literature identifies numerous challenges in Agile development, little attention has been given to their ranking and prioritization, which are critical for effective project management and decision making. This study fills this gap by combining empirical evidence from the literature and practitioners. Objectives: This study aims to identify and hierarchically prioritize the most recent challenges faced by Agile practitioners during product development. To achieve this, a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) was conducted using 115 published studies between 2010 and 2025 followed by empirical data collection from 30 Agile experts through semi-structured interviews conducted with practitioners from Agile companies and an online survey. This study applies Cumulative Voting (100-Dollar Test) and Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) techniques to rank and prioritize these challenges. Results: The SLR identifies several recurring Agile challenges; however, limited research has focused on their ranking and prioritization. The present study reveals new challenges, such as user interface complexities, lack of pre-development and pre-operational cost information, and lack of cost scalability at the module and feature levels. The current study identifies Inadequate Architecture (22%), Lack of Standardized Framework (18%), Communication and Coordination (16%), Poor Requirement Verification (13%), and Minimum Documentation (8%) as the most significant challenges. Conclusions: This study provides valuable insight for Agile practitioners and organizations, enabling more informed project planning, resource allocation, and strategic decision making. By focusing on the most critical challenges, teams can enhance software quality, streamline processes, and improve overall productivity in Agile environments.