Advances in understanding Retama raetam (Forssk.) Webb & Berthel. as a nurse plant in arid landscapes: implications for vegetation structure and microhabitat conditions

Land degradation in arid regions threatens biodiversity and ecosystem stability, highlighting the need for innovative restoration strategies. Retama raetam a key nurse shrub, play a circular role in facilitating plant establishment by improving microhabitat condition in desert environments. This study examines the role of R. raetam as a nurse plant, focusing on its impact on vegetation structure, species co‐occurrence, and microhabitat conditions, particularly in terms of soil moisture and salinity. Vegetation surveys were conducted to identify associations between R. raetam and neighboring perennial species, evaluating facilitative or inhibitory relationships. Additionally, the study assessed whether R. raetam facilitates the germination of certain native species. Results indicated that R. raetam effectively improved microhabitat conditions by increasing soil moisture and reducing salinity, thereby enhancing the germination potential of specific co‐occurring species. Facilitative interactions were evident with native perennial species, such as Astragalus armatus and Anabasis articulata, whereas competitive or inhibitory effects were observed in association with Stipagrostis pungens. Discriminant factor analysis revealed that R. raetam had a significant influence on local vegetation composition, indicating its crucial ecological role as a nurse species. These findings provide new insights into R. raetam role in shaping plant community structure and microhabitats in arid ecosystems. From a restoration and management perspective, recognizing both the positive influences of R. raetam and the potential risk of favoring undesired or invasive species is crucial for maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem resilience. This improved understanding can inform targeted management strategies to restore degraded arid landscapes sustainably while preserving ecological integrity.