DOI: 10.11648/j.ajbls.20261404.12 ISSN: 2330-880X

Advances in Rapid Nucleic Acid Diagnostics for Disease Prevention and Control

Jinhui Sun, Baosheng Sun, Xiuli Ruan, Yinzhen Sheng
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Animal diseases present a major challenge to sustainable livestock production and global public health security. Rapid nucleic acid diagnostics, characterized by high specificity, sensitivity, and speed, have emerged as indispensable tools for early disease detection and precise control. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the recent advancements in rapid nucleic acid diagnostic technologies for animal diseases. We systematically categorize and evaluate current platforms, focusing on isothermal amplification techniques, CRISPR-based assays, and microfluidic micro-systems. Particular attention is given to how modern iterations have revolutionized the diagnostic process, pushing sensitivity toward the single-molecule realm and reducing turnaround times from hours to minutes. Furthermore, this paper analyzes the critical roles of these rapid-response systems in pandemic surveillance, vaccine efficacy assessment, and cross-border biosecurity risk management. Finally, we address current technical bottlenecks, such as sample preparation complexity and field-deployability constraints. We conclude that the integration of functional nanomaterials and artificial intelligence (AI) will be the driving force behind the next generation of intelligent, sample-in-answer-out, and field-deployable diagnostic tools, ultimately shaping the future of smart veterinary medicine.

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