Advances in Mechanisms and Management Strategies of Pulmonary Hypertension: A Review

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) encompasses a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by persistently elevated pulmonary artery pressure and driven by diverse etiologies and intersecting pathological mechanisms. In recent years, substantial advances have clarified key contributors to PH pathogenesis, including pulmonary vascular remodeling, immune–inflammatory dysregulation, and genetic predispositions. Concurrently, diagnostic and therapeutic approaches tailored to different PH subtypes have evolved, incorporating targeted pharmacological treatments, interventional procedures, and lung transplantation. This review summarizes recent advances in elucidating the mechanisms underlying PH and outlines clinical management strategies across the major etiologic categories. Particular emphasis is placed on developments in PH-specific therapies and on emerging therapeutic targets to provide a coherent mechanistic framework and practical guidance for clinicians involved in the diagnosis and treatment of this challenging disease.