Advancements in Vision–Language Models for Remote Sensing: Datasets, Capabilities, and Enhancement Techniques

Recently, the remarkable success of ChatGPT has sparked a renewed wave of interest in artificial intelligence (AI), and the advancements in Vision–Language Models (VLMs) have pushed this enthusiasm to new heights. Differing from previous AI approaches that generally formulated different tasks as discriminative models, VLMs frame tasks as generative models and align language with visual information, enabling the handling of more challenging problems. The remote sensing (RS) field, a highly practical domain, has also embraced this new trend and introduced several VLM-based RS methods that have demonstrated promising performance and enormous potential. In this paper, we first review the fundamental theories related to VLM, then summarize the datasets constructed for VLMs in remote sensing and the various tasks they address. Finally, we categorize the improvement methods into three main parts according to the core components of VLMs and provide a detailed introduction and comparison of these methods.