Addressing gender‐based violence in disaster contexts: institutional, professional, and social responses to the 2021 La Palma (Spain) volcanic eruption

Abstract

This study explores the institutional, professional, and social responses to the gender‐based violence that occurred in the wake of the 2021 volcanic eruption in La Palma, Spain. Using a qualitative methodology, it analyses the perspectives of 46 stakeholders—political decision‐makers, technical staff, and social activists—acquired through in‐depth interviews. The findings reveal that gender‐based violence was initially overlooked during the crisis as emergency actions prioritised general safety and housing. The absence of gender‐sensitive planning increased the vulnerability of women, particularly those already at risk. Although institutional efforts were later redirected to strengthen specialised services, the system remained strained owing to inadequate coordination, a lack of specific protocols, and insufficient professional training, reflecting a reactive, fragmented, and sector‐specific approach. The study also highlights significant discrepancies between stakeholder groups, linked to their roles within the disaster management system. It underlines the urgent need for early‐stage gender mainstreaming in disaster preparedness and response, including tailored protocols, continuous training of frontline personnel, and inter‐institutional coordination.