Adaptive Non-Integer Frequency Control Design Based on EESC Optimization for CES-Integrated Multi-Microgrid

Recently, microgrid (MG) structures include a mix of renewable energy sources (RES) and conventional sources. At high levels of RES penetration, reduced inertia and frequency stability have been confirmed in several studies. Properly designed and structured load frequency control (LFC) and virtual inertia control (VIC) are feasible solutions to these problems. In this paper, a new hybridized two-degree-of-freedom (2DOF) non-integer controller is proposed for multi-generation, multi-area MGs’ frequency regulation. The proposed new LFC is based on a 2DOF tilt-integral/tilt-derivative-double-derivative controller with a filter (TI-TD2F2). Meanwhile, the proposed design process considers coordinating capacitive energy storage (CES) to help regulate frequency deviation, as well as the high penetration of RESs (wind and PV). The incorporation of CES participation in frequency regulation helps provide fast VIC for the studied multi-MG system. Furthermore, an Enhanced Escape Algorithm (EESC) optimization algorithm is proposed to simultaneously optimize the control parameter set of the two-area MG system. The proposed EESC optimization algorithm identifies appropriate parameters for controller design, yielding better overall dynamic performance. An enhanced Escape Algorithm (EESC) is based on boosting the searching mechanism of the conventional Escape Algorithm by the integration of three modifications, including the Chaos map logistic mutation mechanism, the Fitness distance balance mechanism, and the Sorted Quasi-oppositional based learning (SQOBL). The proposed 2DOF TI-TD2F2 controller demonstrates improved frequency stability and sustainable operation under load changes, variation in RESs, and other uncertainties of system parameters. The obtained results showed that the proposed EESC optimization algorithm adjusts the parameters of the TI-TD2F2 controller, which significantly improves the dynamic performance in load frequency and tie-line power control. Compared to traditional TID and FOPID controllers, TI-TD2F2 achieves up to a 70–80% reduction in tie-line power deviation and up to 60% faster settling time in many scenarios, demonstrating better robustness, faster response, and better overall system stability.