Adaptive Management of Protected Wildlife Populations in Poland: Environmental Sustainability and Conservation Challenges of European Bison (Bison bonasus), Eurasian Beaver (Castor fiber), and Eurasian Moose (Alces alces)

Populations of European bison (Bison bonasus), Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber), and Eurasian moose (Alces alces) in Poland are currently experiencing significant growth. These species are subject to strict legal protection or specific regulatory frameworks. The purpose of the study is to analyze Polish legislation concerning the protection of selected species and to identify legislative actions that could ensure healthy, sustainable, and well-managed population levels in Poland. The study also explores carefully regulated forms of sustainable use, including the potential consumption of meat from these species. During this research, the methodology of analysis and scientific interpretation of legal acts was used. Case law and relevant socio-economic and environmental factors were also analyzed and highlighted. The results show that the law currently in force and its interpretation may pose challenges to achieving fully effective conservation outcomes. Wildlife protection requires effective, locally adapted population management. Proposals for legal changes that would support diversified and sustainable management approaches, while maintaining a high level of protection, ensuring environmental stability and sustainability, and ensuring the highest standards of public safety, are presented. De lege ferenda postulates indicate that it is essential to balance the legitimate interests of wildlife conservation, public health, and society.