Acute Unilateral Lung Collapse Due to Plastic Bronchitis in a Toddler: A Rare Pediatric Case from India

Abstract

Plastic bronchitis (PB) is a rare but potentially life-threatening disorder characterized by formation of obstructive bronchial casts. Fewer than 25 cases have been reported from India, with only three pediatric cases in the past decade. A 2-year-old boy presented with cough, fever, and progressive respiratory distress with left lung collapse. Flexible bronchoscopy revealed thick membranous casts obstructing the left main bronchus, which were removed successfully, resulting in rapid recovery. Histopathology confirmed fibrinous casts consistent with Type I PB, likely secondary to infection. PB may mimic mucus plugging or foreign body aspiration; early bronchoscopy is crucial for prompt diagnosis and life-saving management.