A3 Adenosine Receptor Agonists as Multisystem Disease Modifiers: From Molecular Signaling to Clinical Translation

The A3 adenosine receptor (A3AR) is a stress-inducible G-protein-coupled receptor that is selectively upregulated in inflamed, hypoxic, and fibrotic tissues as well as in many malignancies, while remaining weakly expressed in most normal organs. This distinctive expression pattern provides a strong biological basis for pathology-selective pharmacology. Activation of A3AR by highly selective agonists, including piclidenoson (IB-MECA) and namodenoson (Cl-IB-MECA), initiates signaling through Gi proteins and phospholipase C (PLC), which in turn regulate a coordinated network of downstream intracellular pathways, including PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, MAPKs, and Wnt/β-catenin, resulting in suppression of inflammation, inhibition of pathological cell survival, and protection of metabolically stressed tissues. Over the three decades, extensive preclinical studies have demonstrated that A3AR agonism exerts anti-cancer, anti-fibrotic, immunomodulatory, neuroprotective, and organ-protective effects across diverse disease models, including hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, psoriasis, osteoarthritis, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis, ischemic stroke, neurodegeneration, ophthalmic disorders, and inherited metabolic syndromes. Importantly, these mechanistic insights have been translated into clinical programs, with piclidenoson and namodenoson demonstrating favorable safety profiles and disease-modifying activity in inflammatory, fibrotic, and oncologic indications. This review integrates molecular, cellular, and translational evidence to highlight A3AR activation as a unifying therapeutic principle for diseases driven by inflammation, oxidative stress, hypoxia, and dysregulated cell survival, positioning selective A3AR agonists as first-in-class agents targeting the A3AR, with broad clinical applicability across multiple disease domains.