A TLS-Based Scan-to-HBIM Workflow for Domestic Heritage: The Case of La Casa de la Alquimia, Córdoba (Spain)

Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) has become an important tool for the digital documentation of historic buildings, particularly where irregular geometries and restricted spaces limit conventional survey methods. This study develops and applies a TLS-based Scan-to-HBIM workflow for the documentation of La Casa de la Alquimia, a thirteenth-century domestic heritage building located in the Judería of Córdoba, within the UNESCO-listed historic centre. The workflow integrates TLS data acquisition, scan registration and cleaning, AI-assisted point-cloud classification, expert-led HBIM reconstruction, and deviation-based geometric validation. The results show that the TLS dataset supported the reliable reconstruction of a complex medieval domestic building. The AI-assisted classification tool was used as a practical support mechanism for organising dense point-cloud data before modelling, improving the visual separation of architectural elements and reducing repetitive manual filtering, while final modelling decisions remained dependent on expert interpretation. Deviation analysis showed a close correspondence between the HBIM geometry and the surveyed point cloud, with higher local deviations mainly associated with exposed stone masonry, curved transitions, and inherent historic deformations. HBIM-based renderings and a scan-based virtual tour were also produced as complementary outputs for spatial interpretation. The study indicates that a TLS-based Scan-to-HBIM workflow, supported by AI-assisted classification and geometric validation, can provide a reliable and transferable methodological reference for documenting comparable domestic heritage buildings under constrained real-world conditions.