A systematic review of African swine fever in the Philippines (2019-2025): Socio-economic impacts, stakeholder practices, and multi-sectoral management strategies

African wine fever (ASF) was first confirmed in the Philippines in September 2019, causing severe losses to the swine industry. This systematic review synthesised evidence on socio-economic impacts, biosecurity practices, and multi-sectoral management strategies from 2019 to 2025. Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, four databases (Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, and Web of Science) were searched, yielding 2,189 records. Eight studies met the eligibility criteria, and risk of bias was assessed using ROBINS-I, AXIS, and JBI tools. Industry losses totalled PHP 72-85 billion (2019-2022), with a 7.54-million-head decline in hog inventory. Smallholder incomes fell by 40-60%. Pre-ASF biosecurity compliance was critically deficient. A repopulation programme reached approximately 180,000 households with 28-35% income recovery, while multi-agency coordination showed significant implementation gaps. The included studies demonstrated moderate to high methodological quality, with a mean JBI-derived score of 7.7/10. The evidence indicates that ASF had severe and widespread impacts on the Philippine swine sector, disproportionately affecting smallholders. Effective future management requires One Health frameworks, enforceable biosecurity standards, equitable recovery programmes, and proactive surveillance infrastructure.