A Systematic Guide to Experimental Designs in Magnetic Electrocatalysis

Abstract

The transition toward carbon neutrality relies on efficient strategies for storing intermittent renewable energy in chemical bonds. Electrochemical energy conversion technologies, including green hydrogen production via water splitting, CO2 valorization, and high-efficiency fuel cells, are pivotal to this transition. Among various process intensification strategies, the integration of magnetic fields has emerged as a powerful approach to enhance reaction kinetics and improve energy efficiency. Magnetic fields modulate electrochemical systems through various phenomena, such as magnetohydrodynamic (MHD), Lorentz, and Kelvin forces, as well as spin-selectivity, Maxwell stress, and magnetothermal effects. These mechanisms collectively reduce overpotentials by optimizing mass transport, managing electron spin states, and facilitating gas bubble removal. However, despite these promising effects, the field suffers from a lack of standardized experimental protocols. This review provides a systematic evaluation of magnetic setups, ranging from permanent magnets and electromagnets to Helmholtz coils, with a focus on critical engineering parameters such as field homogeneity, orientation, and thermal management. Practical considerations, including scalability and energy consumption associated with magnetic field integration, are also discussed. Beyond surveying current literature, the work identifies the missing mechanistic links and knowledge gaps within the discipline, outlining vital future experimental directions to guide researchers in planning the next phase of scientific investigations. Ultimately, this comprehensive roadmap enables the rational design of predictable and scalable sustainable energy technologies.