A System Approach: Dynamic Simulation for Assessing the Performance of Metaverse Adoption in Facility Management

Building maintenance is essential for extending service life and ensuring safety. However, conventional visual inspection and document-based record management can cause information omissions, inconsistent transfer, limited reproducibility, and delayed collaboration. Despite growing interest in digital maintenance, few studies have quantitatively examined how different implementation levels of a metaverse inspection system (MIS) affect long-term maintenance performance. This study evaluated four MIS levels using system dynamics (SD) and multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA). Based on a literature review and requirements analysis, 24 influencing factors were represented through causal loop and stock–flow diagrams. The scenarios comprised non-implementation (Level 0), visualization-based initial implementation (Level 1), BIM- and data-linked intermediate implementation (Level 2), and a conceptually integrated system combining data management, real-time monitoring, stakeholder collaboration, and maintenance decision support (Level 3). A 100-year simulation was conducted, with the 50-year point used for comparison. At the 50-year point, Level 3 maintained building condition at 76.72% and reduced cumulative cost by 31.8%, from US$386,477 for Level 0 to US$263,729. MCDA and inspection frequency, weight, and coefficient sensitivity analyses identified Level 3 as the most favorable scenario within the tested conditions.