A surgical approach to the ferret patient

Ferrets ( Mustela putorius furo ) are increasingly popular companion animals and frequently present for surgical care. Common surgical indications include endocrine disease (adrenal gland hyperplasia, insulinoma), gastrointestinal foreign bodies, splenic enlargement, mass lesions, trauma and orthopaedic conditions. Their small size, rapid metabolism and susceptibility to hypothermia and hypoglycaemia create unique peri-operative challenges. This review outlines the principles of surgical care in ferrets for veterinary surgeons and nurses, covering anaesthesia and analgesia, common soft tissue and orthopaedic procedures, post-operative care and complications. Advances in minimally invasive approaches and welfare considerations are also discussed.