A Study of Occurrence of Intracranial Bleed in Chronic Kidney Disease and its Correlation with Chronic Kidney Disease Stages
Dhairya Sanghani, Jagannath Dhadwad, Roushan Kumar, Sweta JoshiAbstract
Background:
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with an increased risk of cerebrovascular events, particularly intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), which carries high morbidity and mortality. The risk of ICH may increase with worsening renal function; however, data correlating ICH occurrence with CKD stages remain limited.
Objectives:
To study the occurrence of ICH in patients with CKD and to assess its correlation with different stages of CKD and associated risk factors.
Materials and Methods:
This observational, cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital and included 60 adult patients diagnosed with CKD. Patients were classified into CKD stages based on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Clinical data, laboratory parameters, and comorbidities were recorded. Neuroimaging with noncontrast computed tomography brain was performed in patients with neurological symptoms to identify and classify ICH. Outcomes including in-hospital mortality were analyzed.
Results:
ICH was observed in 12 patients (20%). The occurrence of ICH increased progressively with advancing CKD stage, from 0% in Stage I to 33.3% in Stage V. All patients with ICH had hypertension and 83.3% had diabetes mellitus. Patients with ICH had significantly lower mean eGFR (24.5 vs. 55.3 mL/min/1.73 m 2 ) and higher serum creatinine levels compared to those without ICH. In-hospital mortality was markedly higher among patients with ICH (33.3%) compared to those without ICH (2.1%). Intraparenchymal hemorrhage was the most common subtype.
Conclusion:
ICH is a frequent and serious complication in advanced CKD, with risk and mortality increasing as renal function declines. Early identification of high-risk patients and aggressive management of modifiable risk factors, particularly hypertension, may help reduce adverse outcomes.