A Spatial Planning Method for Urban Waste Bin Allocation with Spatial Equity Assessment: A Case Study of Boshan District, China

Sustainable urban development increasingly depends on the efficient and equitable provision of municipal infrastructure, and waste bins, as critical end-point facilities in urban solid waste management systems, directly influence waste disposal accessibility, collection efficiency, and service equity. However, existing studies remain limited in achieving effective demand–supply matching, controlling spatial redundancy, and evaluating equity in waste facility allocation. This study developed a multi-source spatial evaluation framework integrating waste generation demand, road accessibility, and building functional characteristics, and proposed a two-stage waste bin allocation approach by coupling Adaptive Non-Maximum Suppression (ANMS) with an improved Coverage Location Problem with Overlap Control (CLPOC) model. The proposed framework first generated a theoretical candidate site pool and applied ANMS to achieve spatially balanced candidate refinement, followed by CLPOC-based optimization to improve service coverage and reduce redundant configurations. The results demonstrated that the optimized scheme substantially reduced redundant facility locations while maintaining high service coverage, thereby improving spatial allocation efficiency. Although urban areas exhibited notable improvements in service equity, the enhancement in mountainous and scenic areas was constrained by terrain conditions and spatial clustering effects. This study provides an efficiency–equity balanced framework for fine-scale waste bin planning in hilly cities, offering methodological support for sustainable urban solid waste management and contributing to the broader goal of sustainable urban development.