A Snow Sports Venue Low-Carbon Evaluation System Based on Life-Cycle Carbon Emissions

Large-scale snow sports venues are characterized by unique terrain, seasonal operation modes, and long service lifespan. Consequently, a comprehensive assessment method is required to account for both life-cycle carbon emissions and multi-dimensional low-carbon performance. This study proposes a Sports Venue Low-carbon Evaluation System (SV-LCES) that integrates life-cycle carbon emission evaluation (LCCE) with multidimensional performance assessment. Using engineering inventories, EnergyPlus simulations, and emission factor methods, a life-cycle carbon emission model was developed and applied to the National Sliding Centre (NSC) and Yanqing Winter Olympic Village (YWOV), with the latter constructed as a supporting venue for the NSC. Carbon hotspots were identified, and an evaluation system was established through the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and LCCE combined weighting and grey clustering. The results show that the operation and maintenance stage was the dominant contributor to the life-cycle carbon emissions, accounting for 56.39% of the total. The calculated carbon emission reduction rates of the NSC and YWOV were 40.17% and 46.37%, respectively, indicating a relatively small difference. However, after the low-carbon performance of the venues was comprehensively evaluated, SV-LCES distinguished their performance levels as Grade B for NSC and Grade A for YWOV. The proposed framework offers a holistic approach to low-carbon evaluation of large-scale sports venues and other energy-intensive public buildings.