A Sequential Photothermal‐Piezoelectric GBR Membrane for Cascading Anti‐Infection and Bone Regeneration in Periodontal Defects

ABSTRACT

The effective regeneration of infectious periodontal bone defects remains challenging, as current commercial guided bone regeneration (GBR) membranes offer only passive barrier function. Here, we report an electrospun, multifunctional GBR membrane engineered for active therapy. Composed of poly (L‐lactic acid) (PLLA) and doped with silver‐polydopamine‐modified barium titanate (Ag@PDA@BTO) particles, this membrane integrates sequential photothermal and piezoelectric effects, thereby enabling on‐demand, stage‐specific therapy for infected periodontal bone regeneration. The PLLA/AgPBT membrane enabled a sequential therapeutic strategy: First, rapid, NIR‐induced photothermal heating (>60°C in 5 min) achieved > 99% immediate bactericidal activity; second, under ultrasound, it generated ∼800 mV to provide long‐term piezoelectric‐driven bacterio‐inhibition and macrophage polarization (M1→M2); third, it promoted osteogenic differentiation while simultaneously acting as a barrier against soft tissue ingrowth. In a Sprague‐Dawley rat model of infectious bone defects, the membrane significantly enhanced the differentiation of osteoblast‐lineage cells, ultimately facilitating new bone formation. Validated both in vitro and in an infectious rat bone defect model, this intelligent membrane transitions from a potent antibacterial barrier to a pro‐healing electroactive scaffold, dynamically adapting to the complex oral microenvironment and overcoming the static nature of traditional GBR.