A Review on Chemistry, Pharmacological Profiles and Applications of Mitragynine Pseudoindoxyl
Qingqing Luo, Wenjie Xie, Yanqing Liu, Xue TangABSTRACT
Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl, Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl (MP), a spiroindole alkaloid derived from mitragynine (MG), exhibits superior pharmacological profiles at the μ‐opioid receptor compared with morphine and 7‐hydroxymitragynine (7‐OHMG). This review systematically summarizes all peer‐reviewed publications since the first isolation of MP in 1974, covering its chemical properties, synthetic strategies, interspecies metabolic discrepancies, receptor conformational activation mechanisms, structure–activity relationships, preclinical pharmacology, and translational prospects. Published experimental results are comprehensively summarized, and existing research gaps are outlined, providing a reference for structural optimization and translational investigation of low‐toxic opioid analgesic lead compounds.