Real-time monitoring of various neurochemicals with high spatial resolution in multiple brain regions in vivo can elucidate neural circuits related to various brain diseases. However, previous systems for monitoring neurochemicals have limitations in observing multiple neurochemicals without crosstalk in real time, and these methods cannot record electrical activity, which is essential for investigating neural circuits. Here, we present a real-time bimodal (RTBM) neural probe that uses monolithically integrated biosensors and multiple shanks to study the connectivity of neural circuits by measuring multiple neurochemicals and electrical neural activity in real time. Using the RTBM probe, we demonstrate concurrent measurements of four neurochemicals—glucose, lactate, choline, and glutamate without cross-talking each other—and electrical activity in real time in vivo. Additionally, we show the functional connectivity between the medial prefrontal cortex and mediodorsal thalamus through the simultaneous measurement of chemical and electrical signals. We expect that our device will contribute to not only elucidating the role of neurochemicals in neural circuits related to brain functions but also developing drugs for various brain diseases related to neurochemicals.

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