A multivariate PCA-based evaluation of betaine, vitamin C, and phytogenic (STRESS-BIOMax) - supplemented drinking water in broilers?

Physiological and metabolic disturbances can impair growth and oxidative balance in broilers. This study evaluated the effects of Stress-BioMax (SBM) supplementation in drinking water (0.00, 0.25, 0.50, and 1.00 mL/L) on growth performance, carcass traits, biochemical indices, oxidative status, and systemic physiological responses. SBM is a drinking-water additive containing betaine, vitamin C, and herbal extracts. Principal component analysis (PCA), quadratic regression, and segmented regression were used to assess dose-dependent responses and identify the optimal supplementation range. SBM significantly improved body weight gain and feed efficiency without affecting feed intake. The 0.50 mL/L dose produced the greatest body weight gain (3082 g) and the lowest feed conversion ratio (1.62; P < 0.001). Carcass and muscle yields increased, while abdominal fat and organ percentages decreased (P < 0.001). Serum protein status and lipid profiles improved, with reduced triglycerides, LDL, VLDL, cholesterol, glucose, bilirubin, and cortisol, alongside increased HDL and triiodothyronine levels (P < 0.001). Antioxidant capacity increased, malondialdehyde concentrations decreased, and hepatic enzyme activities were reduced, indicating improved oxidative balance and liver function. PCA suggested a dose-dependent reduction in the composite physiological burden, with the minimum occurring near 0.62 to 0.66 mL/L. Overall, Stress-BioMax enhanced growth performance, metabolic health, antioxidant status, and physiological resilience in broilers.