A Multiround National Analysis of Spousal Physical Violence Against Women in India using NFHS Data
Shubham Pandey, Arunesh Kumar, Suruchi Gupta, Prem P. Bharti
A
BSTRACT
Background:
Spousal physical violence remains a major violation of human rights and a pressing public health concern in India. Despite legal frameworks and awareness programs, women continue to face violence, particularly in rural, low-educated, and economically disadvantaged populations. Understanding trends and determinants of Spousal physical violence is critical to inform targeted interventions. This study aimed to examine trends and key sociodemographic, spousal, and regional factors influencing spousal physical violence among Indian women aged 15–49 years using data from NFHS-3, NFHS-4, and NFHS-5.
Methods:
This study conducted a secondary analysis of nationally representative NFHS data sets of ever-married women aged 15–49 years. State-level and district-level prevalence of spousal physical violence was estimated, and temporal trends were assessed. Binary logistic regression models were used to identify significant predictors.
Results:
Spousal physical violence declined from 35.1% (NFHS-3) to 28.3% (NFHS-5), with higher risk among rural, less educated, poorer women, and those with disrupted marriages or more children. Husband’s low education and alcohol use increased risk (OR = 3.167), while education and wealth were protective. High-prevalence districts included Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, and Bihar, and intergenerational exposure also elevated risk.
Conclusion:
Although the prevalence of spousal violence (SPV) has decreased over the past 15 years, it continues to represent a serious public health and social issue in India, especially among socially and economically disadvantaged groups. Strengthening interventions that enhance women’s educational attainment, promote economic independence, address alcohol misuse, and ensure effective implementation of protective legislation is essential for further reducing spousal violence and safeguarding women’s health and well-being.