A MIVES-Based Multi-Criteria Framework for Assessing Courtyard–Biophilic Integration in Sustainable Architecture

Courtyards and biophilic design have each been associated with improved environmental performance, occupant well-being, and architectural quality. However, their integration has received limited scholarly attention, and no comprehensive assessment framework currently exists to evaluate their combined contribution to sustainable architecture. This study addresses this gap by proposing a conceptual assessment framework based on the Integrated Value Model for Sustainability Assessment (MIVES). The framework draws on the literature from courtyard architecture, biophilic design, environmental psychology, and multi-criteria decision analysis. It adopts a hierarchical structure comprising requirements, criteria, and indicators related to environmental sustainability, biophilic quality, human well-being, and functional resilience. The framework also incorporates preliminary weighting strategies and value-function concepts to support the integration of diverse performance dimensions within a unified assessment structure. Rather than providing a validated assessment tool, the proposed framework establishes a conceptual foundation for future empirical calibration and testing while supporting more holistic evaluation of courtyard–biophilic integration across diverse climatic and cultural contexts.