A meta-analytic review of contextual-behavioral approaches via virtual reality in chronic physical illness: Where we are and where to go

This meta-analysis aimed to examine the efficacy of virtual reality (VR)-mediated contextual-behavioral interventions for improving mental health, quality of life, and functioning in adults with chronic physical illnesses (CPIs). Following PRISMA, 13 studies ( N  = 563) were analyzed. Pre- to post-intervention results showed reductions in depression (SMD = −0.79), anxiety (SMD = −0.86), and improved functioning (SMD = −0.67; all p  < .01). Although quality of life, stress, and distress improved, the effects were not statistically significant. Subgroup analyses were conducted to explore potential sources of heterogeneity across all outcomes. Comparisons between experimental and control groups ( k  = 2) suggested improvement in anxiety and quality of life (SMD = −0.41 and 0.55, respectively) but not for depression. Most interventions were mindfulness-based and uncontrolled designs. Findings tentatively suggest that VR-based mindfulness interventions help enhance psychological outcomes and functioning, but definite conclusions are unwarranted. Limitations and Future directions are discussed.