A Highly Adaptive Three‐Stage Power Management Circuit for Triboelectric Nanogenerators in High‐Entropy Mechanical Energy Harvesting

ABSTRACT

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) offer a promising route for harvesting high‐entropy mechanical energy for self‐powered electronics, but their practical use is limited by highly variable electrical output and the mismatch between intermittent harvested power and the requirements of electronic loads. Here, we report an adaptive three‐stage power management circuit (ATS‐PMC) that integrates a rectification stage, an adaptive peak‐triggered energy extraction stage, and a dual‐mode output regulation stage. A self‐triggered switching unit autonomously tracks the voltage peak of the TENG output over a wide range of 30–300 V, thereby enabling efficient energy transfer with an energy conversion efficiency of 84%. The output control circuit adaptively switches between hysteresis mode and voltage‐regulated mode according to the balance between harvested power and load demand. Under insufficient input power, the hysteresis mode enables intermittent self‐triggered operation while suppressing static loss. Under sufficient input power, the regulation mode provides a stable DC output through closed‐loop feedback, with an ultralow ripple of 0.22%. The system further powers representative commercial IoT devices under random low‐frequency excitations of 0.2–5 Hz. This work provides a practical adaptive power management strategy for converting unstable triboelectric output into load‐compatible electrical power, thereby advancing the application of TENGs in self‐powered systems.