A Hierarchical Fuzzy‐Based Power Management Strategy for PV/Wind Microgrids With Hybrid Battery–Hydrogen Storage

ABSTRACT

Hybrid photovoltaic and wind microgrids are increasingly deployed for sustainable electrification but face challenges due to resource intermittency and storage limitations. Integrating batteries with hydrogen storage offers complementary short‐ and long‐term energy buffering to enhance system reliability. This paper proposes a hierarchical hybrid power‐management (HHPM) strategy based on fuzzy logic control (FLC) for maximum power point tracking (MPPT), a power‐sharing formulation for coordinating the battery and hydrogen subsystems, and a fuzzy supervisory controller for selecting the system operating modes according to renewable availability and storage conditions. To strengthen the validation of the proposed approach, an additional comparison with an adaptive power‐sharing strategy based on the battery state of charge is presented. In this strategy, the allocation coefficient α _adap is continuously updated according to the ratio between the instantaneous battery SOC and its maximum value. Renewable generation, load demand and hydrogen‐storage level are monitored separately by the supervisory controller to determine the instantaneous power balance and enforce the operating constraints of the battery, electrolyser and fuel cell. Simulations using measured Mediterranean climatic data demonstrate improved renewable‐power extraction, with gains of up to 443 W, balanced utilisation of the storage subsystems and stable DC‐bus operation with a maximum voltage deviation of 1.25%. The results indicate that the proposed control strategy enhances the operational flexibility and reliability of the standalone microgrid under variable climatic conditions.