A healthy low-carbohydrate diet during pregnancy is associated with a reduced risk of gestational diabetes mellitus
Xi Chen, Yuhao Zhang, Lixia Lin, Li Huang, Chunrong Zhong, Qian Li, Tianqi Tan, Weiming Wang, Huaqi Zhang, Jin Liu, Guoqiang Sun, Nianhua Yi, Xuefeng Yang, Liping Hao, Hongying Yang, Nianhong Yang- Biochemistry (medical)
- Clinical Biochemistry
- Endocrinology
- Biochemistry
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism
Abstract
Context
Evidence on the associations of low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) during pregnancy with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) was limited and inconsistent.
Objective
We aimed to prospectively evaluate the risk of GDM associated with the LCD considering the quality of macronutrients.
Methods
All participants were from a prospective cohort in Wuhan, China. The overall, healthy LCD (emphasizing low-quality carbohydrates, plant protein, and unsaturated fat), and unhealthy LCD (emphasizing high-quality carbohydrate, animal protein, and saturated fat) scores were calculated according to the percentage of energy intake from carbohydrate, protein, and fat. GDM was screened by a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test between 24 and 28 weeks. Poisson regression models were used to calculate relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
Results
Among 2337 pregnant women, 257 (11.0%) were diagnosed with GDM. Overall LCD score was not associated with the risk of GDM, but the healthy and unhealthy LCD scores were associated with the risk of GDM. The multivariable-adjusted RRs (95% CI) were 0.68 (0.49, 0.94) and 1.52 (1.11, 2.08) for the healthy and unhealthy LCD scores comparing the highest with lowest quartile. Substituting high-quality carbohydrate for low-quality carbohydrate and animal protein, and substituting unsaturated fat for saturated fat were associated with a 13%-29% lower risk of GDM.
Conclusion
A healthy LCD during pregnancy characterized by high-quality carbohydrate, plant protein, and unsaturated fat, was associated with a lower risk of GDM; whereas an unhealthy LCD consisting of low-quality carbohydrate, animal protein, and saturated fat, was associated with a higher risk of GDM.