A density-based Euler–Lagrange framework for compressible reacting flows and supersonic sprays in OpenFOAM

A density-based Euler–Lagrange solver, SprayScramjetFoam, is developed in OpenFOAM to simulate the strongly interacting shock-spray-combustion processes in liquid-fueled supersonic combustors. The framework combines shock-resolving compressible-flow calculations with turbulence-chemistry interactions and Lagrangian spray models accounting for breakup, evaporation, and two-way interphase coupling. A hierarchical validation strategy is employed for shock propagation, supersonic reacting flow, droplet evaporation, and transverse liquid injection. The solver reproduces the principal shock and flame structures, improves droplet-evaporation predictions relative to the native OpenFOAM formulation, and captures the penetration and breakup characteristics of a supersonic transverse liquid jet. The framework is further applied to a kerosene-fueled two-cavity supersonic model combustor, where the predicted flame-stabilization region and streamwise wall-pressure evolution agree with experimental observations. The numerical results reveal the interaction among combustion-induced compression, cavity recirculation, spray breakup and transport, evaporation, and fuel-air mixing, which together determine the flame-stabilization behavior. These results demonstrate the reliability of SprayScramjetFoam for investigating gas-liquid flow and combustion processes in liquid-fueled supersonic combustors.