A Data-Driven Sustainable Site Suitability Analysis of Organized Industrial Zones from an SDG Perspective Using a GIS-Based Hybrid Multi-Criteria Analysis Approach

Industrial site selection plays a critical role in shaping regional development trajectories, spatial equity, and long-term sustainability outcomes. However, limited attention has been given to how alternative policy priorities aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) influence spatial suitability patterns. This study develops a GIS-based hybrid multi-criteria decision-making framework integrating SWARA and CoCoSo methods to evaluate the site suitability of the existing Organized Industrial Zones (OIZs) under three alternative policy scenarios: Economically prioritized, environmentally prioritized, and balanced sustainability-oriented structures. A total of 26 criteria linked to SDGs 6–9, 11–13, and 15 are incorporated into the analysis. The results reveal that suitability rankings are highly sensitive to weighting configurations. The economically prioritized scenario reinforces transport accessibility and infrastructure-driven agglomeration advantages, elevating centrally connected districts, while environmentally oriented weighting substantially reshapes spatial outcomes by favoring ecologically resilient areas. The balanced scenario mitigates extreme polarization and produces more stability in rankings. These findings highlight the trade-offs between short-term economic efficiency and long-term environmental sustainability in industrial spatial planning. By explicitly modelling scenario-based policy priorities, the study provides a transparent and replicable decision-support framework that enables planners to simulate alternative development strategies and better align industrial location decisions with SDG-oriented socio-economic planning objectives.