A D5 model of quarks with explicit CP violation

A

bstract

The hierarchy of fermion masses and mixings lacks a self-consistent theoretical explanation at the dynamical or symmetry level, and the origin of CP violation remains unclear. These two issues have long been major challenges in particle physics. In this paper, we investigate the quark sector of a four-Higgs-doublet model with an exact D ₅ symmetry. Within the framework of explicit CP violation, we consider the most general real vacuum, and perform a numerical fit of the quark mass spectrum and the CKM matrix using a Differential Evolution. We demonstrate that the model achieves an excellent overall goodness of fit with χ ² = 6.97, and the Jarlskog invariant J _CP = 3.144 × 10 ⁻⁵ agrees with the experimental value within 0.19 σ . This indicates that the new source of CP violation provided by the model is consistent to generate the observed CP violation in the quark sector. Moreover, the hierarchies inherent in the vacuum expectation values and the quark Yukawa couplings naturally explain the observed hierarchy of the quark masses and mixing parameters.