A Constrained Layer Damping Perspective on Floating Floor Systems for Low-Frequency Impact Noise Control

Low-frequency impact sound control remains a critical challenge for floating floor systems. Conventional resilient underlayment materials exhibit insufficient damping and are prone to long-term deformation, making stable low-frequency sound insulation difficult to achieve. This study presents the development of a composite floating floor underlayment comprising recycled rubber granules, polymer resin, and quartz sand. Based on the constrained layer damping-inspired (CLD-inspired) perspective, the vibration attenuation and noise reduction mechanism is elucidated, and the material’s physical properties, mechanical behavior, microstructure, and acoustic performance are systematically investigated. The results indicate that excessively large rubber granules aggravate curing shrinkage cracking. Optimal processing characteristics are achieved with a binder content of 20 wt% and a rubber granule size of 50 mesh. Laboratory characterization reveals that, compared with conventional cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) foam underlayments, the proposed composite underlayment reduces the impact sound pressure level by an average of 3–5 dB in the low-frequency band below 250 Hz, and the overall sound insulation performance is improved by 10.77%. Dynamic mechanical analysis shows the composite storage modulus declines from 280 MPa at −20 °C to 10 MPa at 80 °C, while the loss factor remains above 0.2 under typical indoor conditions. Such stable viscoelastic behavior enables efficient shear dissipation of low-frequency vibration energy under the CLD-inspired mechanism. Full-scale field testing combined with long-term observation over 3000 loading cycles demonstrates excellent structural compatibility between the underlayment and the gypsum screed, with no cracking or appreciable deformation observed during prolonged service. The weighted impact sound improvement index (ΔLw) attains 15 dB. These findings verify that the CLD-inspired composite underlayment simultaneously achieves efficient low-frequency impact sound control and superior long-term structural stability, providing an innovative material solution and design strategy for impact noise mitigation in residential floating floor applications.