A Comprehensive Review on Electrochemical Immunosensors for Cancer Biomarkers: From Single to Multiplexed Detection

ABSTRACT

Early detection of cancer is important for effective management and improved prognosis. Traditional screening methods are invasive, time‐intensive, laborious, and often associated with patient discomfort and diagnostic delays, thereby requiring the development of better alternatives. Emerging technologies in the realm of electrochemical biosensors make use of electrochemical principles to sense and quantify specific cancer‐related biomarkers, which offer a promising alternative for cancer screening. Biomarkers serve as crucial signaling agents for pre‐emptive detection of cancer in its initial stages. Hence, this review article provides a brief overview of several traditional and nontraditional cancer biomarker screening methods, focusing on the electrochemical detection of biomarkers from various biofluids, highlighting different electrode compositions for the respective biomarkers in the biofluids. This paper encompasses the advantages of electrochemical biosensors, including their real‐time analysis of cancer signatures, their effectiveness, and applicability. Furthermore, the material composition at the electrochemical interface significantly influences the electrochemical mapping and is addressed in detail in the later sections. Summing up, the paper delves into the barriers and prospects inherent in the evolution of multiplexed biosensing platforms and potential advancements in this field, providing an in‐depth perspective.