DOI: 10.1017/pds.2026.10536 ISSN: 2732-527X
A co-design approach to reducing pharmaceutical waste
Laura MacLean, Hazar Taissier Marji, Lewis Urquhart, Andrew Robinson, Andrew Wodehouse, Paul A. RodgersABSTRACT:
Pharmaceutical waste (PW) poses environmental, economic and public health challenges, yet effective solutions remain underexplored. This study used a co-design approach across two NHS Scotland workshops to examine medicine-use experiences and generate interventions. Three concepts emerged: transparent patient packaging, a tactile communication aid and a gamified virtual medicine-cabinet app, highlighting the value of bottom-up design methods for addressing PW.