A Blockchain-Based Tokenize–Track–Trace (3T) Architecture for Oracle-Anchored Supply Chain Traceability Using Dynamic NFTs and Smart Contracts

This paper introduces an approach based on blockchain and dynamic Non-Fungible Tokens (dNFTs) for transparent supply chain management (SCM) through end-to-end traceability and automation. The approach addresses three recurring limitations of blockchain-enabled SCM: physical-to-digital anchoring, explicit event semantics and authorization, and reproducible performance evaluation. Each physical product is represented as a dynamic on-chain asset whose tokenization is gated by a threshold oracle-attestation rule, and whose lifecycle is updated through role-authorized, auditable events, supporting accountability-oriented practices such as enhanced transparency, improved provenance, stronger recall capability, and responsible sourcing. We operationalize the proposed approach through the 3T (Tokenize–Track–Trace) architecture and instantiate it on a permissioned blockchain to demonstrate oracle-anchored product tokenization, end-to-end traceability, and workflow automation via smart contracts. Performance is evaluated using standard blockchain metrics (throughput, latency, load-scaling and saturation behavior under a fixed topology, resource utilization, success rate, and traceability-query latency) under controlled load-generation settings. The paper also discusses security assumptions, implementation limitations, and potential future research directions for blockchain-enabled SCM.